Fasteners
ISO 4762 · ASME B18.3
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDMetric
Imperial
Head Type
Length
Substrate
copied—
PinPinned
Side View
Head Top
copied
Tap Drill
—mm
copied
Pitch
—
mm
copied
Head Dia
—
mm
Clearance Holes
copied
Free Fit
—mm
copied
Close Fit
—mm
copied
Insert Hole
—mm
Thread engagement: 1–1.5× diam. in metal, 2× in plastic.
Torque to 70–80% of yield. Use Loctite 243 (medium) for vibration, 263 for permanent.
Free fit clearance for floating joints. Close fit for locating features. Never use close fit in plastic — thermal expansion will bind.
In aluminum, use Helicoil / E-Z Lok inserts. Boss OD = 2× insert OD min.
Never reuse fasteners torqued above 90% yield. Single-use for safety-critical joints.
Metric Bolt Grades (ISO 898-1)
| Grade | Tensile (MPa) | Yield (MPa) | Common Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.6 | 400 | 240 | Low-load, non-critical |
| 8.8 | 800 | 640 | General structural — most common |
| 10.9 | 1040 | 940 | High-strength structural |
| 12.9 | 1220 | 1100 | Highest strength. Always use dry. |
| A2-70 | 700 | 450 | 304 SS — corrosion resistance |
| A4-80 | 800 | 600 | 316 SS — marine / chemical |
Head Type Guide
| Head | Drive | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Socket (SHCS) | Hex key | High torque, recessed, clean appearance |
| Button (BHCS) | Hex key | Low profile, decorative, medium torque |
| Flat / CSK | Hex key | Flush to surface. 90° countersink required. |
| Hex (HHCS) | Spanner | High torque, external drive, structural |
| Torx / Star | Torx | High torque, no cam-out, automotive |
| Pan head | Phillips/Torx | Sheet metal, general light assembly |
Verify against ISO 4762 / ASME B18.3 for critical applications.
Heat Set Inserts
Brass · 3D Print
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDMetric
Imperial
Length
copied—
PinPinned
Hole to Print
—mm
Insert OD
—
mm
Length
—
mm
Min Boss OD
—
mm
copied
Pull-out
—
N approx
Install Temp
200–250°C
Use a dedicated insert tip (Hakko T15-KF). Tapered tips can become trapped in cooling metal.
Hole depth = insert length + 50% for displaced plastic. A 1–2° entry taper aids alignment.
Boss wall min 2× insert OD from hole centre to prevent splitting.
PLA 180–200°C · PETG 200–230°C · ABS 220–250°C · Nylon 240–260°C. Go slowly — melt, don't scorch.
Set slicer to 4+ perimeters around insert boss holes for maximum pull-out strength.
Allow insert to cool fully before threading. Disturbing while hot reduces seating quality by up to 40%.
Insert Brand Comparison
| Brand | Type | Knurl | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruthex | Brass | Radial + axial | Excellent pull-out. Best for PETG/ABS. EU stock. |
| CNCKitchen | Brass | Radial | Good all-rounder, well-tested in public benchmarks |
| McMaster-Carr | Brass | Knurled OD | Standard availability. Good for prototyping. |
| Würth | Brass | Helical | High-quality, widely spec'd in production parts |
| Böllhoff | Brass / SS | Multi-grip | Premium industrial. DIN 7965 compliant. |
Filament Compatibility
| Material | Install Temp | Pull-out | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| PLA | 180–200°C | Low | Soft matrix, lower pull-out. Use longest insert available. |
| PETG | 200–230°C | Good | Best combination of ease and strength |
| ABS | 220–250°C | Good | Good re-melt properties. Ideal for inserts. |
| ASA | 230–250°C | Good | Similar to ABS. UV stable outdoor use. |
| Nylon | 240–260°C | Excellent | Best pull-out strength. Absorbs moisture — dry before printing. |
| PC | 260–280°C | Excellent | Highest strength. Requires high temp iron and precise control. |
Based on McMaster-Carr and CNCKitchen brass inserts. ODs vary by brand — verify before finalising hole diameter.
O-Rings
AS568 · ISO 3601
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDISO Metric
AS568
Material
copied—
PinPinned
ID
—
in
CS
—
in
OD
—
in
copied
Tol. ID
—
copied
Tol. CS
—
Temp Range
—
Material Properties
Nitrile
Petroleum oils, fuels, hydraulics. −40 to 120°C. Most common general-purpose seal. Excellent abrasion resistance. Avoid ozone, sunlight, ketones.
Viton
Aggressive chemicals, solvents, fuel additives, high temps to 200°C. Best for harsh environments. More expensive. Poor low-temp flexibility below −20°C.
Silicone
Extreme temps −60 to 230°C. Food/medical-grade available. Excellent UV/ozone resistance. Poor abrasion and tensile strength — static seals only.
EPDM
Water, steam, ozone, UV, brake fluid. −45 to 150°C. Outdoor weathering applications. Not compatible with petroleum oils or fuels — swell severely.
Compression: 20–30% static, 10–25% dynamic. Never exceed 30% — permanent set.
Groove width: 1.5× CS static · 1.4× CS dynamic. Depth = CS × (1 – compression)
Gland surface: Ra <0.8 µm dynamic · Ra <1.6 µm static. Lubricate on install.
Stretch ID over shaft 1–5%. More stretch = lower sealing force. Zero stretch on static face seals.
Never reuse an O-ring removed from service. Cost of a new O-ring is always less than the leak.
Chemical Compatibility (✓ Good · ~ Limited · ✗ Avoid)
| Fluid | Nitrile | Viton | Silicone | EPDM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petroleum oil | ✓ | ✓ | ~ | ✗ |
| Water / steam | ✓ | ~ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fuels (petrol) | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Ketones / MEK | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Acids (dilute) | ~ | ✓ | ~ | ✓ |
| Brake fluid (DOT) | ✗ | ✓ | ~ | ✓ |
| Ozone / UV | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Ammonia | ~ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
Verify against ISO 3601 / AS568B. Parker O-Ring Handbook is the authoritative design reference.
Bearings
ISO 281 · ABEC
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDSeries
Bearing No.
copied—
PinPinned
Bore Ø
—
mm
Outer Ø
—
mm
Width
—
mm
copied
Dyn. C
—
N
copied
Stat. C₀
—
N
copied
Max RPM
—
L10 life (million rev): (C/P)³. P = equiv. dynamic load. 90% reliability baseline. Double life = load × 0.794.
Housing: H7 bore for stationary outer ring · k5/m5 shaft for rotating inner ring.
Never hammer a bearing onto a shaft — press via inner ring only. Heat housing to 80–100°C for interference fits.
Speed limit is for grease. Oil extends ~30–50%. Reduce 50% for vertical or high-temp applications.
Don't over-grease — fill 30–50% of free space. Over-greasing generates heat and accelerates failure.
ABEC Tolerance Grades
| ABEC | ISO | Bore Tol. | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABEC-1 | P0 | ±12 µm | General purpose machinery, agriculture |
| ABEC-3 | P6 | ±8 µm | Electric motors, pumps, gearboxes |
| ABEC-5 | P5 | ±5 µm | Machine tool spindles, precision motors |
| ABEC-7 | P4 | ±4 µm | High-speed spindles, aerospace |
| ABEC-9 | P2 | ±2.5 µm | Gyroscopes, ultra-precision instruments |
Shaft & Housing Fit Guide
| Application | Shaft Fit | Housing Fit |
|---|---|---|
| Rotating inner, stationary outer | k5 / m5 | H7 |
| Stationary inner, rotating outer | h6 / g6 | M7 / N7 |
| Light load, easy removal | j5 / js5 | H7 / J7 |
| Heavy load, permanent fit | n6 / p6 | P7 |
| Thin-walled housing (plastic) | k5 | H7 +0.01mm |
Lubrication Guide
| Type | Speed | Temp Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium grease | Medium | −30 to 120°C | General purpose. Most common factory fill. |
| Synthetic grease | High | −50 to 180°C | Extended life, wide temperature range |
| PTFE / dry film | Low-med | −70 to 260°C | Clean rooms, food, no liquid lubricant allowed |
| Oil bath | High | −20 to 150°C | High speed, continuous. Better heat dissipation. |
| Oil mist | Very high | Varies | Precision spindles. Requires mist system. |
| Sealed (2RS) | Low-med | −30 to 110°C | Pre-greased for life. No maintenance. Most practical for product dev. |
Load ratings approximate. Consult SKF/NSK/FAG catalogs for exact specifications.
Washers
ISO 7089 · ASME B18.22
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDMetric
Imperial
copied—
PinPinned
Inner Ø
—
mm
Outer Ø
—
mm
Thickness
—
mm
copied
Bear. Area
—
mm²
copied
OD Ratio
—
×d
copied
Min Boss Ø
—
mm
Bearing area = π/4 × (OD² − ID²). For plastic substrates, a washer reduces surface stress by 3–10× compared to bare fastener head.
OD should be ≥ 2× bolt diameter for effective load distribution on soft materials.
For plastic housings, always use a washer under the head — direct fastener contact crushes the boss over time.
Split lock washers are not recommended under vibration per NASA/ESA fastener standards — use prevailing torque nuts or Nordlock instead.
Washer Type Selection
| Type | Standard | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Flat (narrow) | ISO 7089 | General purpose, close bolt clearance |
| Flat (wide) | ISO 7093 | Soft materials, oversized holes, load spreading |
| Flat (chamfered) | ISO 7090 | Under hex head bolts, aligned bearing face |
| Spring (split) | DIN 127 | Anti-loosening under vibration (limited effectiveness) |
| Nordlock | — | High vibration — mechanically locks via wedge action |
| Belleville | DIN 2093 | Preload retention, thermal expansion compensation |
| Fender | — | Very large OD, sheet metal, thin wall panels |
Dimensions per ISO 7089. Bearing area and boss diameter are calculated values for reference.
Nuts
ISO 4032 · ASME B18.2.2
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDMetric
Imperial
copied—
PinPinned
Pitch
—
mm
A/Flats
—
mm
Height
—
mm
copied
A/Corners
—
mm
copied
Wrench Size
—
mm
copied
Min Engage
—
mm
Thread engagement minimum: 1× diameter in steel, 1.5× in aluminum, 2× in plastic.
Across corners = A/F × 1.155. Critical for socket/access clearance in tight bays.
Use nyloc / flange nuts in vibration. Nyloc max temp ~120°C — use all-metal locknuts above this.
Never pair stainless bolts with carbon steel nuts — galvanic corrosion will seize the joint. Match materials.
Nut Type Selection
| Type | Standard | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Hex (full) | ISO 4032 | General purpose. Full nut height = 1× diameter engagement |
| Hex thin | ISO 4035 | Jam nut (lock against another nut), space-constrained |
| Nyloc | ISO 7042 | Anti-vibration. One-use. Max 120°C. Do not reuse. |
| All-metal lock | ISO 7044 | High temp vibration environments. Reusable (×5 max) |
| Flange (serrated) | DIN 6923 | Integrated washer face. Good grip on painted surfaces |
| Cap / acorn | DIN 1587 | Thread protection, aesthetics, exposed fastener ends |
| Wing | DIN 315 | Hand-tightened applications, quick removal |
Strength Grades — Metric (ISO 898-2)
| Grade | Proof Load | Material | Pair With Bolt |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 500 MPa | Carbon steel | Grade 8.8 and below |
| 8 | 800 MPa | Carbon steel, Q&T | Grade 8.8 – 10.9 |
| 10 | 1040 MPa | Alloy steel, Q&T | Grade 10.9 – 12.9 |
| A2-70 | 450 MPa | 304 stainless | A2-70 bolts |
| A4-80 | 600 MPa | 316 stainless | A4-80 bolts, marine use |
Dimensions per ISO 4032. Proof loads are indicative — verify against material cert for critical joints.
Standoffs
M2–M8 · PCB · Hex
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDMetric
Imperial
Type
Length
copied—
PinPinned
Thread Ø
—
mm
Hex A/F
—
mm
Stud L
—
mm
copied
PCB Hole Ø
—
mm
Material
Brass
PCB hole = thread Ø + 0.2–0.3mm clearance. Tight fits crack pads on assembly.
F–F for PCB stacking. M–F for boards threaded into a base plate.
Brass is standard — non-magnetic, won't corrode against aluminum chassis. Use stainless for harsh environments.
Stack height = standoff length + PCB thickness. Add 1.5mm min for bottom-side component clearance.
M2.5 is the PCB default in consumer electronics. M3 for repeated assembly or structural loads.
Type Selection
| Type | Best For |
|---|---|
| F–F hex | PCB mounting, stacked assemblies, bolt-through panels |
| M–F hex | Screw into base plate, second PCB bolts on top |
| M–M hex | Spacers between two threaded holes, sensor mounts |
| Round F–F | Space-critical or aesthetic enclosures |
| Swage/press | Sheet metal panels — no rear access needed |
Common Heights
| Height | Common Use |
|---|---|
| 3mm | Minimum clearance, ultra-low profile |
| 5mm | Standard single-sided PCB |
| 6mm | PCB + through-hole component clearance |
| 10mm | Tall connectors (USB-A, barrel jack) |
| 15mm | Dev boards, Arduino/RPi shields |
| 20–25mm | Sub-chassis spacing, battery clearance |
Per DIN 9021 / ISO 11207. Stud length for M–F types: 3–4mm for M3 and below, 5–6mm for M4+.
Set Screws
ISO 4026–4029 · ASME B18.3
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDMetric
Imperial
Point Type
Length
copied—
PinPinned
Hex Key
—
mm
Torque
—
N·m
Dog Flat Ø
—
mm
Cup point — 90% of all use. Bites into shaft, high holding force. Creates a small crater.
Flat point for hardened shafts or when shaft must remain undamaged for reuse.
Dog point into a milled flat or dimple — highest holding force, prevents rotation under high torque.
Length ≥ 1–1.5× thread diameter. Too short strips; too long protrudes into bore.
Drill a 0.5mm flat on shaft for cup point — dramatically increases holding torque and prevents migration.
Point Type Comparison
| Point | ISO | Holding | Shaft | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cup | ISO 4029 | High | Crater | General use, hubs, pulleys |
| Flat | ISO 4026 | Medium | Minimal | Precision shafts, reusable assemblies |
| Cone | ISO 4027 | Very high | Deep mark | Permanent, anti-tamper |
| Dog | ISO 4028 | Very high | Flat needed | High torque, positive location |
Metric Torques (Grade 45H, dry)
| Size | Key mm | Torque N·m | Torque lbf·in |
|---|---|---|---|
| M2 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.6 |
| M2.5 | 1.3 | 0.13 | 1.2 |
| M3 | 1.5 | 0.25 | 2.2 |
| M4 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 5.3 |
| M5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 10.6 |
| M6 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 17.7 |
| M8 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 44.3 |
| M10 | 5.0 | 9.5 | 84.1 |
| M12 | 6.0 | 16 | 142 |
Per ISO 4026–4029. Grade 45H = 45 HRC. Reduce torque ~25% for stainless.
Dowel Pins
ISO 8734 · ASME B18.8.2
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDDiameter (mm)
Diameter (inch)
Fit Type
Length
copied—
PinPinned
Pin Ø / Tol
—
Hole Ø
—
Interference
—
µm
copied
Chamfer Lead-in
—
mm
Min Depth (each)
—
mm
Press fit (m6): 2–18µm interference. Use arbor press — never hammer. Hole must be reamed, not just drilled.
Location fit (h6): zero-to-clearance. Pushes in by hand. For removable alignment — tooling plates, jigs, fixtures.
Depth ≥ 1× diameter per part. Always use 2 dowels minimum — one prevents translation, two prevent rotation.
Drill undersized then ream to final diameter. Reamed: ±2–5µm. Drilled: ±50–100µm — not good enough for press fit.
Add a vent groove in blind holes — trapped air prevents full seating and can crack housings.
Dowel Pin Materials
| Material | Hardness | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Hardened steel | 58–65 HRC | Standard. Maximum wear resistance, high shear strength. |
| Stainless 316 | ~30 HRC | Corrosion resistance — food, medical, marine. |
| Soft steel | ~15 HRC | Sacrificial shear pin — yields before housing does. |
| Ceramic (Al₂O₃) | Mohs 9 | Non-magnetic, non-conductive — MRI, clean rooms. |
ISO 8734 hardened steel. m6 tolerance for press fit, h6 for location. Ream holes to H7.
Retaining Rings
DIN 471 / 472 · ASME B27.7
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDType
Shaft / Bore Ø
copied—
PinPinned
Groove Ø
—
mm
Groove Width
—
mm
Ring Thickness
—
mm
copied
Thrust Load
—
N
Pliers Type
—
External (DIN 471): groove in shaft. Ring snaps in, retains components from sliding off axially.
Internal (DIN 472): groove inside bore. Ring expands into groove, retains components inside bore.
Groove must be machined to spec — rough or undersize groove causes stress concentration and premature failure.
Use correct pliers — external needs tips fitting the lug holes, internal needs expanding tips. Wrong tool = damaged bore.
Never reuse a ring that's been removed — they plastically deform on installation. Keep spares.
Type Comparison
| Type | Std | Load | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| External C-clip | DIN 471 | High | Shafts, axles, gears, pulleys |
| Internal C-clip | DIN 472 | High | Bearing retention in bores and housings |
| E-ring | DIN 6799 | Medium | Pins, small shafts — no pliers needed |
| Spiral ring | DIN 9045 | High | High thrust, no groove distortion |
Groove dims per DIN 471/472. Static thrust loads shown — reduce 50% for dynamic applications.
Visualsizer
UNCALIBRATEDCALIBRATEDPart Type
Size
Place parts on the screen gently.
Use the calibrate tool for ±0.2–0.5mm accuracy.
For visual reference only.
Use the calibrate tool for ±0.2–0.5mm accuracy.
For visual reference only.
Reference
Calculators · Standards · DFM
Calculators
Unit Converter
Value
From
To
Result
—
Tolerance Stack-up
Part 1 nominal
mm
Part 1 tol ±
mm
Part 2 nominal
mm
Part 2 tol ±
mm
Part 3 nominal
mm
Part 3 tol ±
mm
Total Nominal
—mm
Worst case ±— mm · RSS ±— mm
Press Fit
Shaft Ø d
mm
Interference δ
mm
Hub OD D
mm
Hub Length L
mm
Material
µ friction
—
Contact Pressure
—MPa
Assembly force: — kN · Holding torque: — N·m
Sheet Metal Bend
Thickness
mm
Bend angle
°
Bend radius
mm
Material
Bend Allowance
—mm
Setback: — mm · Flat length = L1 + L2 + BA
Spring Rate
Wire Ø d
mm
Mean coil Ø D
mm
Active coils Na
—
Material G
Spring Rate k
—N/mm
Index C=— · Wahl Kw=— · —
Bearing L10 Life
Dynamic C
N
Applied P
N
Speed
rpm
L10 Life
—M rev
— hours at given speed
Fastener Torque
System
Size
Grade
Lubrication
Recommended Torque
—N·m · —lbf·in
Beam Deflection
Load F
N
Span L
mm
E modulus
MPa
I (2nd moment)
mm⁴
Load type
Max Deflection δ
—mm
Standards & Reference
GD&T Symbols
ASME Y14.5 · ISO 1101
▾
| Symbol | Char | Type | Controls |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flatness | ⏥ | Form | How flat a surface is. No datum needed. |
| Straightness | ⏤ | Form | How straight a line element or axis is. |
| Circularity | ○ | Form | Roundness of a cross-section. No datum. |
| Cylindricity | ⌭ | Form | Combines roundness, straightness & taper. |
| Parallelism | ∥ | Orientation | Surface or axis parallel to datum. |
| Perpendicularity | ⊥ | Orientation | Surface or axis 90° to datum. |
| Angularity | ∠ | Orientation | Surface or axis at specified angle to datum. |
| Position | ⊕ | Location | True position of a feature. Most common GD&T callout. |
| Concentricity | ◎ | Location | Axis of feature coincident with datum axis. |
| Symmetry | ⌯ | Location | Feature symmetric about datum plane. |
| Circular Runout | ↗ | Runout | Surface variation per revolution about datum axis. |
| Total Runout | ⌰ | Runout | All surface elements across full part length. |
| Profile of Line | ⌒ | Profile | 2D curve tolerance. With datum = location. |
| Profile of Surface | ⌓ | Profile | 3D surface tolerance. Most powerful callout. |
Feature Control Frame order: Symbol | Tolerance | Material Condition (M/L/S) | Datum(s)
MMC ⓜ = maximum material condition · LMC ⓛ = least material · RFS = regardless of size (default)
MMC ⓜ = maximum material condition · LMC ⓛ = least material · RFS = regardless of size (default)
Fits & Tolerances
ISO 286 · mm & inch
▾
| Fit | ISO | Gap mm | Gap in | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loose | H11/c11 | +0.06→+0.33 | +.002→+.013 | Agricultural |
| Easy Run | H9/d9 | +0.02→+0.10 | +.001→+.004 | Sleeve bearings |
| Close Run | H8/f7 | +0.01→+0.05 | +.0004→+.002 | Gearbox shafts |
| Sliding | H7/g6 | +.002→+.025 | +.00008→+.001 | Spindle bearings |
| Loc. Clear. | H7/h6 | 0→+0.025 | 0→+.001 | Locating features |
| Loc. Trans. | H7/k6 | −.006→+.019 | −.0002→+.0008 | Light press |
| Drive | H7/p6 | −.01→−.042 | −.0004→−.002 | Dowel pins |
| Force | H7/s6 | −.02→−.059 | −.0008→−.002 | Gear hubs |
Injection Molding DFM
Wall · Rib · Draft · Boss
▾
| Feature | Rule | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Wall | Uniform | 1.5–3.0 mm |
| Draft | Min 1°/side | 1–3° (+1°/0.025mm texture) |
| Rib thickness | 50–70% wall | 0.75–2.0 mm |
| Rib height | Max 3× wall | ≤9mm at 3mm |
| Corner radii | Min 0.5mm | 25–75% wall |
| Boss OD | 2× insert OD | Per supplier |
| Undercuts | Avoid or side actions | Adds tooling cost |
Mold Surface Finish
SPI · VDI · Mold-Tech
▾
| Class | Ra µm | Draft | Appearance |
|---|---|---|---|
| A-1 | 0.012 | 0.5° | Mirror-bright, optics |
| A-2 | 0.025 | 0.5° | Near-mirror, clear parts |
| A-3 | 0.05 | 0.5° | High gloss consumer |
| B-1 | 0.4 | 1° | Semi-gloss standard |
| B-2 | 0.8 | 1° | Dull semi-gloss |
| C-1 | 1.6 | 1.5° | Matte functional |
| C-2 | 3.2 | 1.5° | Rough matte grip |
| EDM | 3.2–12.5 | +1°/0.025mm | Spark/chemical etch |
3D Filaments
FDM Print Params
▾
| Material | Nozzle °C | Bed °C | MPa | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLA | 190–220 | 0–60 | 50–60 | Easy, UV-sensitive |
| PETG | 230–250 | 70–85 | 50–55 | Chemical resistant |
| ABS | 230–260 | 100–110 | 40–50 | Needs enclosure |
| ASA | 240–260 | 90–110 | 45–55 | UV-resistant ABS |
| TPU 95A | 220–240 | 30–60 | 25–35 | Flex, print slow |
| Nylon PA6 | 250–280 | 70–90 | 70–85 | Dry filament required |
| PC | 280–320 | 110–130 | 55–70 | Heat resist Tg 147°C |
| PEEK | 380–420 | 120–160 | 100+ | High-end printer req. |
Durometer / Shore
ASTM D2240
▾
| Shore | Feel | Materials |
|---|---|---|
| A 10–30 | Gel | Gel pads, foam rubber |
| A 40–60 | Rubber band | Soft O-rings, grips |
| A 60–80 | Tyre tread | 70A nitrile O-rings |
| A 80–95 | Eraser | Rollers, drive belts |
| D 30–50 | Semi-rigid | Soft PP, flex nylon |
| D 55–75 | Plastic pen | ABS, PC, Nylon, PETG |
| D 80–90 | Acrylic | POM (Delrin), PEEK |
IP Ratings
IEC 60529
▾
| Rating | Solid | Liquid | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| IP20 | Finger-proof | None | Indoor electronics |
| IP44 | 1mm object | Splash any dir. | Garden tools |
| IP54 | Dust-resist. | Splash | Outdoor IoT |
| IP55 | Dust-resist. | Jets 12.5 L/min | Industrial |
| IP65 | Dust-tight | Low jets | Cameras, sensors |
| IP66 | Dust-tight | Powerful jets | Marine, wash-down |
| IP67 | Dust-tight | 1m/30 min | Wearables, phones |
| IP68 | Dust-tight | Cont. submersion | Dive computers |
| IP69K | Dust-tight | Steam 80°C | Food/pharma |
Thread Standards
ISO · UNC · UNF · BSP · NPT
▾
| Standard | Angle | Pitch Example | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISO Metric | 60° | M3=0.5mm | General worldwide |
| MF Fine | 60° | M3=0.35mm | Vibration-resistant |
| UNC | 60° | ¼-20 | US general purpose |
| UNF | 60° | ¼-28 | US fine, aerospace |
| BSP G/R | 55° Whitworth | Per pipe size | UK/EU plumbing |
| NPT | 60° taper | Per pipe size | US self-sealing pipe |
| ACME | 29° | Coarse | Lead screws, vices |
Manufacturing Methods
Process · Volume · Tolerance
▾
| Process | Volume | Tolerance | Lead Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| FDM | 1–50 | ±0.2–0.5mm | Hours–days |
| SLA | 1–100 | ±0.05–0.15mm | Hours–days |
| SLS/MJF | 1–1,000 | ±0.1–0.3mm | 2–5 days |
| CNC Mill | 1–10k | ±0.01–0.05mm | 3–10 days |
| CNC Turn | 1–50k | ±0.005–0.025mm | 3–10 days |
| Sheet Metal | 1–100k | ±0.1–0.3mm | 3–7 days |
| Inj. Molding | 1k–1M+ | ±0.05–0.1mm | 4–12 wks |
| Die Casting | 5k–1M+ | ±0.1–0.3mm | 6–16 wks |
Surface Finish Ra
ISO 1302 · µm & µin
▾
| Ra µm | Ra µin | Process | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.025 | 1 | Superfinish / lapping | Gauge surfaces, optical flats |
| 0.05 | 2 | Cylindrical grind | Precision bearing seats, sealing surfaces |
| 0.1 | 4 | Fine grind / hone | Hydraulic cylinder bores, piston pins |
| 0.2 | 8 | Fine turn / grind | Mating bearing surfaces, shaft journals |
| 0.4 | 16 | Fine turn | Close fits, O-ring grooves, seal faces |
| 0.8 | 32 | Finish turn / mill | General machined mating surfaces |
| 1.6 | 63 | Turn / mill | Standard machined surface — most common spec |
| 3.2 | 125 | Rough turn / mill | Non-critical machined surfaces, clearance holes |
| 6.3 | 250 | Rough mill / saw | Unmachined casting flash, rough stock |
| 12.5 | 500 | Saw / casting | Sand casting, forging, rough weld |
Ra = arithmetic mean roughness · Rz ≈ 4–7× Ra · Call out as N grades: N5=0.4µm, N6=0.8µm, N7=1.6µm, N8=3.2µm
O-ring groove: 0.4–0.8µm Ra on bore, 0.8–1.6µm on groove sides. Anything smoother can trap hydraulic film.
O-ring groove: 0.4–0.8µm Ra on bore, 0.8–1.6µm on groove sides. Anything smoother can trap hydraulic film.
Hardness Conversion
HRC · HRB · HV · HB · UTS
▾
| HRC | HV | HB | HRB | UTS MPa | Material Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68 | 940 | — | — | — | Max hardened tool steel |
| 65 | 832 | — | — | — | HSS cutting tools |
| 60 | 697 | — | — | — | File, Grade 12.9 bolt |
| 55 | 596 | — | — | ~2000 | Spring steel, drill bits |
| 50 | 513 | — | — | ~1800 | Carburised gear surface |
| 45 | 446 | 425 | — | ~1550 | Set screws (45H), dies |
| 40 | 392 | 371 | — | ~1350 | Grade 10.9 bolt |
| 35 | 345 | 327 | — | ~1150 | Grade 8.8 bolt, 4140 HT |
| 30 | 302 | 286 | — | ~1000 | Stainless A2/A4 bolt |
| 20 | 226 | 214 | — | ~760 | Annealed alloy steel |
| — | 200 | 190 | 92 | ~660 | Cold-rolled steel |
| — | 155 | 147 | 80 | ~510 | Mild steel (1020) |
| — | 110 | 105 | 62 | ~360 | 6061-T6 aluminium |
| — | 80 | 76 | 41 | ~260 | Annealed aluminium |
HRC Rockwell C (hard metals) · HRB Rockwell B (soft metals) · HV Vickers · HB Brinell
Rule of thumb: UTS (MPa) ≈ HV × 3.3 for steel. Conversions are approximate — use ASTM E140 for precision.
Rule of thumb: UTS (MPa) ≈ HV × 3.3 for steel. Conversions are approximate — use ASTM E140 for precision.
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